“Affiliate” means any entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with such party, where “control” means direct or indirect ownership of more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting securities or equivalent ownership interest.
改善点：「control」を50%の議決権所有で明確化し、間接支配も含めつつ範囲を限定。
NG CLAUSE
“Material Adverse Effect” means any adverse change in the business.
“Material Adverse Effect” means any change, event, or circumstance that has a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, or results of operations of the Target, excluding changes arising from (i) general economic conditions affecting the industry as a whole, (ii) changes in applicable law, or (iii) changes resulting from the announcement of the transactions contemplated herein.
Seller represents and warrants that, to the best of Seller’s knowledge after reasonable inquiry, the Company is in compliance with all applicable laws in all material respects, except as disclosed in Schedule [X].
Provider shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless Customer from and against losses arising from third-party claims alleging that the Services, as used in accordance with this Agreement, infringe such third party’s intellectual property rights, provided that:
(a) Customer promptly notifies Provider (failure to notify does not waive indemnity except to the extent Provider is materially prejudiced);
(b) Provider controls the defense and settlement, subject to Customer’s prior written consent for any settlement admitting fault or imposing obligations on Customer;
(c) Customer provides reasonable cooperation at Provider’s expense.
IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY.
THE FOREGOING EXCLUSION SHALL NOT APPLY TO LIABILITY ARISING FROM: (I) GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT; (II) BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS; (III) INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD-PARTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS; OR (IV) INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS UNDER SECTION [X].
THE TOTAL LIABILITY OF EACH PARTY SHALL NOT EXCEED THE GREATER OF (A) THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID OR PAYABLE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT IN THE TWELVE (12) MONTHS PRECEDING THE EVENT GIVING RISE TO LIABILITY, OR (B) USD 100,000.
改善点：(1) 間接損害のみ除外（直接損害は保護）、(2) 4つのcarve-out（故意・重過失、機密、IP、補償義務）、(3) 12ヶ月の契約金額 or 最低保証額のいずれか大きい方。
補償・責任制限・保険の3層防御設計
業界別の責任上限設定例
業種
典型的な責任上限
備考
SaaS
月額料金 × 12ヶ月
データ消失は別途carve-out検討
ハードウェア
契約金額 × 1〜2倍
製造物責任は除外が通常
コンサルティング
年間報酬額
専門家責任保険（E&O）と連動
建設・EPC
契約金額 × 100%
遅延LDは別枠で設定
2026年論点：Data Loss に対する Super Cap
SaaSやAIモデル提供の契約では、データの毀損・喪失（Data Loss / Corruption）を通常の責任上限に含めるか、別枠の上限（Super Cap）を設定するかが大きな争点です。通常の12ヶ月capでは顧客のデータ復旧コストをカバーできないため、Super Cap（通常上限の2〜3倍）を設定し、保険の免責金額（Deductible）との不整合が生じないよう調整する設計が増えています。
This Agreement may be terminated:
(a) by mutual written consent;
(b) by either party upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice;
(c) immediately upon material breach that remains uncured for thirty (30) days after written notice specifying the breach in reasonable detail.
Upon termination or expiration:
(i) each party shall return or certify destruction of Confidential Information within thirty (30) days;
(ii) accrued payment obligations shall survive;
(iii) Provider shall provide transition assistance for up to ninety (90) days at Customer’s reasonable request and expense.
Neither party shall be liable for any failure or delay in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control, including but not limited to acts of God, war, terrorism, epidemic or pandemic, government actions or sanctions, labor disputes, cyber attacks or system-wide infrastructure failures, severe weather events attributable to climate change, prolonged energy shortages, or widespread telecommunications infrastructure outages.
The affected party shall: (a) notify the other party within five (5) business days; (b) use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate; (c) resume performance promptly when the cause ceases. Economic hardship, currency fluctuations, or market conditions shall not constitute force majeure.
If such event continues for more than ninety (90) days, either party may terminate upon thirty (30) days’ written notice.
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore, without regard to its conflict of law principles.
Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be finally settled by arbitration administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) under its Rules of Arbitration. The seat of arbitration shall be Singapore. The language of arbitration shall be English. The tribunal shall consist of one (1) arbitrator.
Work Product の権利帰属が明確か（work for hire + assignment の二段構え）
Background IP（既存知的財産）が保留されているか
著作者人格権（moral rights）の処理が準拠法に適合しているか（日本法では譲渡不可）
AI生成物の権利帰属と学習データの適法性保証が含まれているか
NG CLAUSE
All intellectual property rights in the Work Product shall vest in Customer.
リスク：米国法上、work for hireの要件を満たさない場合は権利が自動的に移転しない。assignmentの補充規定がないと開発者個人に著作権が残存する可能性。日本法の著作者人格権も未処理。
修正例
All Work Product shall be deemed “work made for hire” under U.S. copyright law. To the extent any Work Product does not qualify as work for hire, Contractor hereby irrevocably assigns to Customer all right, title and interest (including all intellectual property rights) in and to such Work Product.
Contractor waives all moral rights in the Work Product to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Where moral rights cannot be waived (including under Japanese Copyright Act), Contractor agrees not to assert such rights against Customer or its successors.
For the avoidance of doubt, all Background IP remains the property of Contractor, who hereby grants Customer a non-exclusive, perpetual, royalty-free license to use such Background IP solely as incorporated in the Work Product.
改善点：(1) work for hire + assignment の二段構え、(2) moral rights は法域に応じた処理（日本法では不行使合意）、(3) Background IP は保留＋ライセンス付与。
2026年現在、AI生成物の「正確性」や「特定目的適合性」を保証しないことは、AIサービスベンダー側の絶対的なデッドラインです。Reps & Warranties（第2条）または本条で、AI Outputsについて「AS IS, WHERE IS」ベースでの提供であることを明記し、「Provider does not warrant that AI outputs are accurate, complete, or free from errors (including AI hallucinations)」等の免責を入れることが標準化しています。顧客側はこれを受け入れつつ、重要な意思決定にAI出力を単独で使用しない旨の利用ガイドラインを契約に組み込むことで、リスクのバランスを取ります。
Recipient shall:
(a) maintain Confidential Information in strict confidence using at least the same degree of care as for its own confidential information (but no less than reasonable care);
(b) use Confidential Information solely for the purposes of this Agreement;
(c) not disclose to third parties without prior written consent;
(d) not use Confidential Information to train, fine-tune, or improve any machine learning model or AI system without express written consent.
“Confidential Information” excludes information that: (i) is or becomes publicly available through no fault of Recipient; (ii) was independently developed without reference to Confidential Information; (iii) is required to be disclosed by law, provided Recipient gives prompt notice.
Upon termination, Recipient shall return or certify destruction within thirty (30) days. Confidentiality obligations survive for three (3) years after termination; trade secrets survive indefinitely.
改善点：(1) care standard を明記、(2) AI学習利用を明示的に禁止、(3) 例外事由を具体化、(4) 返還30日＋存続期間の二段設計（一般3年、営業秘密は無期限）。
Payment shall be due within thirty (30) days after receipt of a valid invoice.
Late payments shall bear interest at a rate equal to the lesser of (i) [X]% per annum, or (ii) the maximum rate permitted by applicable law, calculated from the due date until the date of payment.
All payments shall be made in [agreed currency] and net of applicable taxes. If Payer is required to withhold taxes, Payer shall gross up the payment so that Payee receives the full amount as if no withholding had been made, unless the parties have agreed otherwise or a relevant tax treaty applies.
Contractor shall maintain during the term of this Agreement:
(a) Commercial General Liability insurance: USD 2,000,000 per occurrence;
(b) Professional Liability (E&O) insurance: USD 1,000,000 per claim;
(c) Cyber Liability insurance: USD 1,000,000 per occurrence.
Company shall be named as additional insured under (a). Contractor shall provide certificates of insurance upon request and notify Company at least thirty (30) days prior to cancellation or material change of coverage. Contractor shall waive its insurer’s right of subrogation against Company.
譲渡条項は、契約上の地位や権利義務の第三者への移転を制限する規定です。Change of control（支配権変更）時の取扱いがM&A案件で特に争点になります。
この条項の判断軸
Change of controlが自動譲渡か承諾制か
Affiliate assignmentの範囲が定義条項と整合しているか
譲受人の義務引受（assumption of obligations）が規定されているか
NG CLAUSE
Neither party may assign this Agreement without prior written consent.
リスク：例外なしの完全制限はグループ内再編やM&A時に支障。Change of controlが暗黙に含まれるか法域により解釈が分かれる。
修正例
Neither party may assign this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld), except that either party may assign this Agreement without consent:
(a) to an Affiliate, provided the assignor remains jointly and severally liable; or
(b) in connection with a merger, acquisition, or sale of all or substantially all of its assets, provided the assignee assumes all obligations hereunder in writing.
A change of control of a party shall be deemed an assignment requiring consent under this Section.
改善点：(1) 承諾は不合理に拒否できない、(2) Affiliate譲渡は可だが連帯責任を残す、(3) M&A時は義務引受を条件に許可、(4) change of controlを明示的に規定。
13
Compliance（法令遵守条項）
FCPA・EU AI Act・サプライチェーン法 — 域外適用リスクへの対応
法令遵守条項は、適用法令・規制・業界標準への遵守義務を定めます。近年はFCPA/UK Bribery Actに加え、EU AI Act、ドイツ・EU等のサプライチェーン法、ESG関連規制の域外適用が企業法務の新たな課題です。
Each party shall comply with all applicable laws in the performance of this Agreement, including without limitation:
(a) anti-corruption laws (including the U.S. FCPA and UK Bribery Act);
(b) applicable export control and sanctions regulations;
(c) applicable data protection laws (including GDPR where applicable);
(d) applicable AI regulations (including the EU AI Act where applicable);
(e) applicable supply chain due diligence requirements.
Each party shall promptly notify the other of any material compliance violation and take reasonable corrective measures. A material, uncured compliance breach shall constitute grounds for immediate termination.
Either party may immediately terminate this Agreement upon written notice if the other party or any of its Affiliates becomes a Restricted Party under applicable Sanctions Laws. For the avoidance of doubt, neither party shall be required to perform any obligation under this Agreement where such performance would cause it to violate applicable Sanctions Laws, and such non-performance shall not constitute a breach.
Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall first be submitted to good faith negotiations between senior executives for a period of thirty (30) days.
If not resolved, the dispute shall be finally settled by arbitration under the SIAC Rules. The seat of arbitration shall be Singapore. The language shall be English. The tribunal shall consist of one (1) arbitrator for disputes under USD 1,000,000, and three (3) arbitrators for disputes at or above USD 1,000,000.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, either party may seek injunctive or other equitable relief from any court of competent jurisdiction to prevent irreparable harm pending arbitration.
This Agreement (including all Exhibits and Schedules) constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements, understandings, negotiations and discussions, whether oral or written.
No amendment or modification of this Agreement shall be effective unless in writing and signed by authorized representatives of both parties.
The following Sections shall survive any termination or expiration of this Agreement: [Confidentiality], [Indemnification], [Limitation of Liability], [Governing Law], and [Dispute Resolution].
“AI Services” means services utilizing artificial intelligence, machine learning, or automated decision-making technologies.
Provider represents that:
(a) AI outputs do not infringe third-party intellectual property rights;
(b) training data was lawfully obtained and Provider has the right to use such data;
(c) AI systems maintain audit logs sufficient for explainability;
(d) Provider shall not use Customer’s Confidential Information to train models without express written consent.
Provider shall notify Customer within forty-eight (48) hours of any AI-related security incident or unauthorized data use.
Q. Indemnification（補償）とLimitation of Liability（責任制限）の違いは？
Indemnificationは主に第三者クレームに対する補償義務（リスク移転）であり、Limitation of Liabilityは当事者間の損害賠償上限（リスク制限）です。両者は連動して設計する必要があり、補償条項が責任上限の適用除外（carve-out）になっているかが重要な確認ポイントです。
Q. 英文契約書でAI関連条項を入れるべきポイントは？
2026年現在、AI関連条項で最低限入れるべきポイントは、(1) 学習データの権利クリアランス保証、(2) 機密情報のAI学習利用禁止、(3) AI生成物の権利帰属、(4) 説明可能性・監査ログの保持義務、(5) セキュリティインシデント通知義務の5点です。EU AI Actの域外適用も考慮が必要です。
